{"data":{"model":{"id":"1033362","slug":"camera-obscura-modular-pinhole-camera-modulowa-kam","name":"Camera Obscura. Modular Pinhole camera. Modu\u0142owa Kamera otworkowa","authorship":"author","club":false,"excludeCommercialUsage":false,"price":null,"eduProject":null,"ratingAvg":"0E-10","myRating":null,"ratingCount":0,"description":"

Introducing the science model/school resource: Camera Obscura. An optical device already known in ancient Greece, used in astronomy, art and photography. The light reflected from the observed object enters through the \"lens\" and is displayed on the screen, reversed by 180 degrees. This is the simplest camera.

The attached files allow you to print the model in full scale and a simplified one, reduced to 50%. The material must be black and opaque. Both models have a retractable front part (in the range 0-4), allowing you to observe the effects of changing the focal length, the so-called zoom. We install interchangeable \"lenses\" with holes of various sizes on this part. The full-size version also has a lens with an adjustable strip aperture from 1 to 12 mm. Thanks to the different holes, you can see what effect the aperture has on the sharpness and brightness of the image. The smaller the hole, the sharper the image, but the darker it is. As the aperture increases, sharpness decreases but brightness increases. A sun visor can be mounted on the 100% scale body to improve observation. In both versions, the screen is made of white technical paper, attached to the body using a frame.
\nTIP: According to ancient chroniclers, moistening tracing paper with fat (oil, silicone grease) makes it more transparent :-). You can also try printing a screen with white filament.

Camera Obscura displays a soft, blurry image (don't count on super sharp \"photos\" here). It also needs a well-lit object (especially the miniature version). It allows you to learn the basic laws of optics and photography.\n
3D printing gives some design limitations to the lens here. The best results are achieved with a lens with a hole made in a very thin material, then the distortions resulting from diffraction are the smallest and the image is the sharpest. The smallest print layer for Prusa MK4 is 0.2 mm. Unfortunately, with such a layer, it sometimes happens that the material \"sees through\". Hence the adopted thickness of 2 mm, at which the lens is durable, black and noise is acceptable. However, it is worth experimenting. You can stick e.g. aluminum foil with a hole made with a needle on a lens with a large hole. Or even install a concave-convex lens. The model gives a lot of opportunities to play and experiment. Have fun!

Przedstawiam model naukowy / pomoc szkoln\u0105: Camera Obscura. Znany ju\u017c w staro\u017cytnej Grecji przyrz\u0105d optyczny, u\u017cywany w astronomii, sztuce i fotografii. \u015awiat\u0142o, odbite od obserwowanego przedmiotu wpada przez \u201eobiektyw\u201d, i wy\u015bwietla si\u0119 na ekranie, ulegaj\u0105 odwr\u00f3ceniu o 180 stopni. Jest to najprostszy aparat fotograficzny.

Za\u0142\u0105czone pliki pozwalaj\u0105 na wydruk modelu w pe\u0142nej skali oraz uproszczonej, zmniejszonej do 50%. Materia\u0142 musi by\u0107 czarny i nieprzezroczysty. Obydwa modele posiadaj\u0105 wysuwan\u0105 przedni\u0105 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 (w zakresie 0-4), pozwalaj\u0105c\u0105 zaobserwowa\u0107 skutki zmiany ogniskowej, tzw. zoom. Na t\u0119 cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 montujemy wymienne \u201eobiektywy\u201d z r\u00f3\u017cnej wielko\u015bci otworami. Wersja pe\u0142nowymiarowa posiada tak\u017ce obiektyw z regulowan\u0105 przys\u0142on\u0105 paskow\u0105 od 1 do 12mm. Dzi\u0119ki r\u00f3\u017cnym otworom wida\u0107 jaki wp\u0142yw na ostro\u015b\u0107 i jasno\u015b\u0107 obrazu ma przys\u0142ona. Im mniejszy otw\u00f3r, tym obraz ostrzejszy, ale za to ciemniejszy. Wraz ze wzrostem otworu przys\u0142ony spada ostro\u015b\u0107 ale wzrasta jasno\u015b\u0107. Na korpusie w skali 100% mo\u017cna zamontowa\u0107 os\u0142on\u0119 przeciws\u0142oneczn\u0105, kt\u00f3ra polepsza obserwacj\u0119. W obydwu wersjach za ekran s\u0142u\u017cy bia\u0142a kalka techniczna, mocowana do korpusu za pomoc\u0105 ramki.
TIP: Jak podaj\u0105 staro\u017cytni kronikarze, zwil\u017cenie kalki t\u0142uszczem (olej, smar silikonowy) powoduje, \u017ce ma ona lepsz\u0105 przejrzysto\u015b\u0107 :-). Mo\u017cna tak\u017ce spr\u00f3bowa\u0107 wydrukowa\u0107 ekran z bia\u0142ego filamentu.

Camera Obscura wy\u015bwietla mi\u0119kki, rozmyty obraz (nie liczmy tu na super ostre \u201ezdj\u0119cia\u201d). Potrzebuje tak\u017ce dobrze o\u015bwietlonego obiektu (zw\u0142aszcza miniaturowa wersja). Pozwala za to zapozna\u0107 si\u0119 z podstawowymi prawami optyki i fotografii.

Druk 3d daje tutaj pewne ograniczenia konstrukcyjne obiektywu. Najlepsze efekty daje obiektyw z otworem wykonanym w bardzo cienkim materiale, wtedy zniekszta\u0142cenia wynikaj\u0105ce z dyfrakcji s\u0105 najmniejsze, a obraz najostrzejszy. Najmniejsza warstwa druku to, dla Prusa MK4 0,2mm. Niestety przy takiej warstwie zdarza si\u0119, \u017ce materia\u0142 \u201eprze\u015bwituje\u201d. St\u0105d przyj\u0119ta grubo\u015b\u0107 2mm, przy kt\u00f3rej obiektyw jest wytrzyma\u0142y, czarny, a zak\u0142\u00f3cenia akceptowalne. Warto jednak poeksperymentowa\u0107. Mo\u017cna na obiektyw z du\u017cym otworem naklei\u0107 np. foli\u0119 aluminiow\u0105 z otworkiem wykonanym ig\u0142\u0105. A nawet zamontowa\u0107 soczewk\u0119 wkl\u0119s\u0142o \u2013 wypuk\u0142\u0105. Model daje bardzo du\u017co mo\u017cliwo\u015bci do zabawy i eksperymentowania. Mi\u0142ej zabawy!

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Camera Obscura. Modular Pinhole camera. Modułowa Kamera otworkowa